organic chemistry practical (notes)

Benzil:


This yellow solid is one of the most common diketones. Its main use is as a photoinitiator in polymer chemistry.
Preparation: Benzil is prepared from benzoin, which in turn is easily obtained via the benzoin condensation from benzaldehyde.
Applications:
1. Most benzil is consumed for use in the free-radical curing of polymer networks. Ultraviolet radiation decomposes benzil, generating free-radical species within the material, promoting the formation of cross-links.
2. Benzil is a standard building block in organic synthesis. It condenses with amines to give diketimines ligands. A classic organic reaction of benzil is the benzilic acid rearrangement, in which base catalyses the conversion of benzil to benzilic acid. This reactivity is exploited in the preparation of the drug phenytoin.



Benzilic acid:

Benzilic acid is a white crystalline aromatic acid soluble in many primary alcohols.
Application:
1. Benzilic acid is used in organic synthesis, as a base point for preparation of glycollate pharmaceuticals and some hallucinogenic drugs.

Preparation: It can be prepared by heating mixture of benzil, alcohol and potassium hydroxide. The other preparation way is through benzaldehyde, which dimerizates to benzil and it is further transformed by benzilic acid rearrangement to benzilic acid.

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B.Pharm I semester (Pharm. Inorganic Chemistry) Important Questions- I

Q1. Describe the principle, process and apparatus used in limit test of Arsenic.
Q2. Give the methods of preparation, uses and identification test of the following:
a). Aluminium Hydroxide
b). Magnesium Carbonate
c). Bismuth Subcarbonate
d). Aluminium Sulphate
Q3. Describe the concept of acid-base balance in the body.
Q4. Give the methods of preparation, uses and identification test of the following:
a). Ferrous Fumarate
b). Ferric Ammonium Citrate
c). Sodium Thiosulphate
d). Boric acid
Q5. Describe the measurement of radioactivity. What are the standards and units of
radioactivity?
Q6. Give the justification for combination antacid therapy?
Q7. Classify gastro-intestinal agents and give examples?
Q8. Write the sources of impurities in synthetic drugs?
Q9. What are expectorants? Give the methods of preparation and identification test of
Ammonium Chloride?
Q10.Give the composition of Oral Rehydration Solution as per WHO norms. Justify its
use.